Funções neuropsicológicas de meninas privadas de liberdade em unidade socioeducativa / Neuropsychological functions of girls deprived of liberty in socio-educational unit / Funciones neuropsicológicos de niñas privadas de libertad en unidad socioeducativa

OBJETIVO: A avaliação neuropsicológica tem alta relevância na adolescência e em situação de conflito com a lei, com privação de liberdade em instituições socioeducativas, pode auxiliar, compondo abordagens psicossociais que identifiquem as funções neuropsicológicas, situando-as a partir da historicidade do indivíduo. Deste modo, para compreender esse problema, foi objetivo desse estudo avaliar e descrever as funções neuropsicológicas de adolescentes meninas privadas de liberdade em instituição socioeducativa. MÉTODOS: As participantes foram 19 meninas avaliadas com os instrumentos: Barratt Scale, Inventário de Expressão de Raiva, teste Wisconsin de classificação de cartas, protocolo neuropsicológico, questionário para uso de drogas e Hare Psychopathy Checklist Revised. RESULTADOS: O uso de drogas na vida ocorreu em 80,0% dos casos. Verificaram-se altos escores de impulsividade total (M=75,8, DP=5,4), traço de raiva (M=24,5, DP=7,3) e respostas perseverativas (M =38,5, DP =19,9). Em conjunto com PCL-R total (M=17,5, DP=3,6) e com QI total (M=79,1, DP=16,2), esses níveis auxiliaram na caracterização das funções de autocontrole. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados foram interpretados como indicativos de baixo funcionamento executivo, altos níveis de raiva, de impulsividade, de uso de drogas e de traços de psicopatia. Foram relatadas adversidades durante a infância, o que pode ter contribuído para um desempenho prejudicado nas funções cognitivas e emocionais dessas meninas.

OBJECTIVE: Neuropsychological assessment is highly relevant in adolescence and in situations of conflict with the law, with deprivation of liberty in socio-educational institutions, it can help, composing psychosocial approaches that identify neuropsychological functions, situating them based on the individual's historicity. Therefore, to understand this problem, the objective of this study was to evaluate and describe the neuropsychological functions of adolescent girls deprived of liberty in a socio-educational institution. METHODS: The participants were 19 girls evaluated with the following instruments: Barratt Scale, Anger Expression Inventory, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Neuropsychological protocol, drug use questionnaire and Hare Psychopathy Checklist Revised. RESULTS: Lifetime drug use occurred in 80.0% of cases. There were high scores for total impulsivity (M=75.8, SD=5,4), trait anger (M=24.5, SD=7.3) and perseverative responses (M=38.5, SD=19.9). Together with total PCL-R (M=17.5, SD=3.6) and total IQ (M=79.1, SD=16), these levels helped to characterize self-control functions. CONCLUSIONS: The data were interpreted as indicating low executive functioning, high levels of anger, impulsivity, drug use and psychopathic traits. Adversities were reported during childhood, which may have contributed to impaired performance in the cognitive and emotional functions of these girls.

OBJETIVO: La evaluación neuropsicológica es de gran relevancia en la adolescencia y en las situaciones de conflicto con la ley, con privación de libertad en instituciones socioeducativas, puede ayudar, componiendo enfoques psicosociales que identifiquen funciones neuropsicológicas, las situando en función de la historicidad del individuo. Por tanto, para comprender esta problemática, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar y describir las funciones neuropsicológicas de niñas adolescentes privadas de libertad en una institución socioeducativa. MÉTODOS: Las participantes fueron 19 niñas evaluadas con los siguientes instrumentos: Escala de Barratt, Inventario de Expresión de Ira, Test de clasificación de cartas de Wisconsin, protocolo neuropsicológico, cuestionario de consumo de drogas y Lista de Verificación de Psicopatía de Hare Revisada. RESULTADOS: El consumo de drogas durante la vida ocurrió en el 80,0% de los casos. Hubo puntuaciones altas en impulsividad total (M = 75,8, DE = 5,4), rasgo de ira (M = 24,5, DE = 7,3) y respuestas perseverativas (M = 38,5, DE = 19,9). Junto con el PCL-R total (M=17,5, DE=3,6) y el CI total (M=79,1, DE=16,2), estos niveles ayudaron a caracterizar las funciones de autocontrol. CONCLUSIONES: Se interpretó que los datos indicaban un bajo funcionamiento ejecutivo, altos niveles de ira, impulsividad, consumo de drogas y rasgos psicopáticos. Se informaron adversidades durante la infancia, que pueden haber contribuido al deterioro del desempeño en las funciones cognitivas y emocionales de estas niñas.

Assessment of school readiness and the importance of executive functions for learning / Avaliação da prontidão escolar e a importância das funções executivas para o aprendizado

ABSTRACT Objective: Considering the importance of the beginning of the academic trajectory for children to reach their full development, this work aims to evaluate the school readiness of preschool-age children and identify which factors influence these results, in order to contribute to the proposition of strategies that allow improving the teaching-learning process and child development. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study with 443 preschool children belonging to the West Region Cohort (ROC Cohort), from the public school system of the city of São Paulo. School readiness was assessed by the International Development and Early Learning Assessment (IDELA) tool. Non-parametric techniques were used for the correlation analysis between IDELA scores and sociodemographic and socioeconomic conditions: Spearman's parametric correlation, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: The children's mean age was 69 months (standard deviation — SD=2.8; ranging from 55 to 72 months) and most of them came from families with low socioeconomic level. Most children showed adequate readiness in the overall score (65%) and in most domains, except for emergent literacy, in which most (56.9%) were classified as "emergent". The highest percentage of insufficiency was identified in executive functions (4.1%), which showed a correlation only with the caregiver's education. Conclusions: Children had adequate school readiness scores, except for emergent literacy, but the insufficiency in executive functions may compromise the future schooling of these children. Thus, pedagogical proposals should consider these aspects for learning and pediatricians need to reinforce the habit of reading and playing games to stimulate child development.

RESUMO Objetivo: Considerando-se a importância do início da trajetória acadêmica para as crianças alcançarem o seu pleno potencial de desenvolvimento, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a prontidão escolar de crianças em idade pré-escolar e identificar que fatores influenciam esses resultados, com a finalidade de propor estratégias que possam melhorar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem e o desenvolvimento da criança. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico, com 443 pré-escolares pertencentes à Coorte da Região Oeste (Coorte ROC) da rede pública de ensino da cidade de São Paulo. A prontidão escolar foi avaliada pela ferramenta International Development and Early Learning Assessment (IDELA). Técnicas não paramétricas foram utilizadas para a análise de correlação entre escores de IDELA e as condições sociodemográficas e socioeconômicas: correlação paramétrica de Spearman, testes de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: A média de idade das crianças foi de 69 meses (desvio padrão — DP=2,8; variando de 55 a 72 meses) e maioria era proveniente de famílias com baixo nível socioeconômico. A maioria das crianças apresentou prontidão adequada na pontuação geral (65%) e na maior parte dos domínios, com exceção da pré-escrita, na qual as crianças foram predominantemente (56,9%) classificadas como "emergentes". O maior percentual de insuficiência foi identificado nas funções executivas (4,1%), apresentando correlação apenas com a formação do cuidador. Conclusões: As crianças apresentaram escores adequados de prontidão escolar, exceto para a pré-escrita, mas a insuficiência nas funções executivas pode comprometer a escolaridade futura dessas crianças. Assim, as propostas pedagógicas devem considerar esses aspectos para a aprendizagem, e os pediatras precisam reforçar o hábito de ler e dos jogos e brincadeiras para estimular o desenvolvimento infantil.

Environmental characteristics, nutritional and executive functions in children of 6 to 7 years / Características ambientais, funções nutricionais e executivas em crianças de 6 a 7 anos

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the socio-environmental characteristics, executive and nutritional functions in children aged 6 to 7 years, from public schools in Alagoas, Brazil. A quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive study was performed involving 64 children of the mentioned age group, from public schools located in Alagoas: Maceió, on the coast; Major Isidoro, in the hinterland and Palmeira dos Índios, in the country. Such analyzes were made through the application of neuropsychological tests and anthropometric assessment with children and food and socio-environmental surveys with their parents. As for the type of housing, 100% were made of masonry, with a bathroom present in 98.4%. All children reported with the habit of bathing in the river / lagoon, presented some pathology. There was no significant difference between cities in terms of the sociodemographic characteristics evaluated, with the same result occurring with the factors associated with the occurrence of diseases in children. The subtests of WISC-IV, were below the average in all municipalities, and the TAC and SCC were classified within the average. However, even though the ranking were divided between below average and average, it is possible to identify from the subtests of WISC-IV, that the general IQ showed a cognitive level below the average. There was also no significant difference in the anthropometric assessment (weight, height, BMI and IMCI) between the evaluated students. The average weight was 23.3 kg to 25 kg, the height between 1.23 m to 1.24 m, the BMI between 16.4 to 17; the IMCI from 2.8 to 3.0. Children were classified within the average. Regarding micronutrients (Ca, Fe, K, Mg and Na, and vitamins A, C, D, B1, B9 and B12) and calories, there was also no significant difference between the cities evaluated. The same occurred with macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates and lipids). This study showed that in general there was no difference between the students of the three municipalities. Probably, even though they are all public schools and from different cities, children have similar social conditions.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as características socioambientais, funções executivas e nutricionais de crianças de 6 a 7 anos, de escolas públicas de Alagoas, Brasil. Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo, transversal e descritivo envolvendo 64 crianças, na referida faixa etária, de escolas públicas localizadas em Alagoas: Maceió, no litoral; Major Isidoro, no sertão e Palmeira dos Índios, no país. Tais análises foram feitas por meio da aplicação de testes neuropsicológicos e avaliação antropométrica com crianças e inquéritos alimentares e socioambientais com seus pais. Quanto ao tipo de habitação, 100% eram de alvenaria, com banheiro presente em 98,4%. Todas as crianças relataram o hábito de tomar banho no rio / lagoa, apresentavam alguma patologia. Não houve diferença significativa entre os municípios quanto às características sociodemográficas avaliadas, ocorrendo o mesmo resultado com os fatores associados à ocorrência de doenças em crianças. Os subtestes do WISC-IV, ficaram abaixo da média em todos os municípios, e o TAC e SCC foram classificados dentro da média. Porém, mesmo que a classificação tenha sido dividida entre abaixo da média e média, é possível identificar a partir dos subtestes do WISC-IV, que o QI geral apresentou um nível cognitivo abaixo da média. Também não houve diferença significativa na avaliação antropométrica (peso, altura, IMC e AIDPI) entre os alunos avaliados. O peso médio foi de 23,3 kg a 25 kg, a altura entre 1,23 ma 1,24 m, o IMC entre 16,4 a 17; A AIDPI de 2.8 a 3.0. As crianças foram classificadas dentro da média. Em relação aos micronutrientes (Ca, Fe, K, Mg e Na e vitaminas A, C, D, B1, B9 e B12) e calorias, também não houve diferença significativa entre os municípios avaliados. O mesmo ocorreu com os macronutrientes (proteínas, carboidratos e lipídios). Este estudo mostrou que de maneira geral não houve diferença entre os alunos dos três municípios. Provavelmente, mesmo sendo todas escolas públicas e de diferentes cidades, as crianças têm condições sociais semelhantes.

Association Between Daily Executive Function and Core Symptoms， Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Symptoms in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectiveTo explore the association between daily executive function and core symptoms， the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder （ADHD） in children with autism spectrum disorder （ASD）， and the moderating effect of theory of mind and other cognitive abilities on this association. MethodsChildren aged 6-12 years with ASD were recruited， and 86 children were identified according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children， Fourth Edition （WISC-Ⅳ）， Strange Story Test （SST） and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function （BRIEF） were used to evaluate children's cognitive ability. Swanson Nolan and Pelham-Version Ⅳ Scale （SNAP-Ⅳ）， Social Responsiveness Scale （SRS）， and Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revise （RBS-R） were used to assess the severity of ADHD symptoms， social impairment， and repetitive stereotyped behavior. Multiple linear regression was used to explore the association between daily executive function and ADHD symptoms， social impairment， repetitive stereotyped behaviors. ResultsAfter controlling for the score of strange stories， verbal comprehension index （VCI） and other factors， the full scale score and each index of BRIEF were positively correlated with full scale score of SNAP （b = 0.619-0.741， b’ = 0.637-0.755）， SRS （b = 0.928-1.200， b’ = 0.417-0.513） and RBS-R （b = 0.326-0.525， b’ = 0.339-0.520） in children with ASD （P< 0.05）， and the SNAP total score was more strongly correlated with the full scale BRIEF score and each index score （b’ = 0.637-0.755，P< 0.01）. In addition to daily executive function， strange stories score （b = -2.218- -1.839） and age （b = 3.181-4.037） were also the important factors affecting the social function of children with ASD （P< 0.01）. There were no moderating effects of strange stories score and age on the association between BRIEF score and full scale score of SNAP， SRS， and RBS-R（P> 0.05）. ConclusionThe deficits of daily executive function in school-aged ASD children are significantly associated with core symptoms and ADHD symptoms， and the association is independent of other cognitive domains， such as theory of mind and verbal comprehension intelligence quotient.

Executive function in adolescent patients with major depressive episode with psychotic symptoms and childhood trauma / 四川精神卫生

BackgroundThere are differences in executive function between major depressive episode patients with or without psychotic symptoms， and childhood trauma may affect the executive function of patients with major depressive episode. Previous research studies predominantly focused on adult patients with major depressive episode， with a lack of studies specifically focusing on adolescent patients with major depressive episode. ObjectiveTo investigate the differences in executive function among adolescent patients with major depressive episode， with or without psychotic symptoms and childhood trauma. MethodsA total of 112 hospitalized adolescent patients with major depressive episode who met the criteria of the International Classification of Diseases， tenth edition （ICD-10） were included in the study. The participants were recruited from the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry， Shenzhen Kangning Hospital during the period from August 2020 to November 2021. Additionally， 27 healthy controls were recruited through public advertisements. The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery （CANTAB） was used to assess executive function through the administration of the Motor Screening Task （MOT）， Spatial Working Memory（SWM） and Rapid Visual Information Processing （RVP） modules. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form （CTQ-SF） was used to assess the trauma type. ResultsCompared with healthy controls， adolescent patients with major depressive episode had a longer mean delay （Z=-3.407， P=0.001） in the MOT task. In the SWM task， the patients had a higher total number of intergroup error responses （Z=-3.291， P=0.001）， a higher total number of intragroup error responses （Z=-3.461， P=0.001）， more total number of double error responses （Z=-3.218， P=0.001）， a higher total error responses （Z=-3.312， P=0.001）， higher strategy scores （Z=-2.437， P=0.015） and longer average delay time （Z=-2.055， P=0.040）. In the RVP task， the patients had fewer hits （Z=-3.196， P=0.001）， more misses （Z=-3.179， P=0.001）， fewer rejections （Z=-2.772， P=0.006）， lower hit probability （Z=-3.187， P=0.001） and lower A´ scores （Z=-3.070， P=0.002）.Compared with adolescent patients with major depressive episode without psychotic symptoms， those with psychotic symptoms had a lower total number of double error responses （Z=-2.566， P=0.010） in SWM task. Compared with adolescent patients with major depressive episode who did not experience emotional neglect， those who experienced emotional neglect had longer average delay time （Z=-3.183， P=0.001） in MOT task， fewer total hits （Z=-2.445， P=0.014）， more total missed reports （Z=-2.467， P=0.014）， lower hit probability （Z=-2.445， P=0.014） and lower A´scores （Z=-2.089， P=0.037） in RVP task. Adolescent patients with major depressive episode who had experienced emotional abuse had longer average delay time in MOT task than those who had not experienced emotional abuse （Z=-2.552， P=0.011）. ConclusionAdolescent patients with major depressive episode exhibit abnormalities in a majority of executive function domains. Specifically， those without psychotic symptoms and with childhood trauma demonstrate significantly impaired executive function. ［Funded by Shenzhen Fund for Guangdong Provincial High-level Clinical Key Specialties （number， SZGS013）， Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund of Guangdong Province （number， 2019A1515110047）， Shenzhen Science and Technology Planning Project （number， JCYJ20190809155019338）］

Effect of physical activity on executive function of children and adolescents: a systematic review / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo analyze the effect of physical activity on executive function of children and adolescents, and sort out the related factors. MethodsArticles about physical activity intervention for children and adolescents on executive function were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang Data, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library and PubMed, from January 1st, 2010 to June 30th, 2021. The articles were screened, evaluated and systematically reviewed. ResultsA total of 21 articles were included, from eleven countries, including 13 randomized controlled trials, involving 2 496 subjects, aged five to 18 years. The articles were published from 2010 to 2019, with mean score of Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale as 5.57. The physical activity intervention mainly involved physical fitness, skills and sport games, with low to high intensity, eight to 120 minutes a time, one to five times a week, no more than ten months. Physical activity was indicated to improve the executive function, specifically inhibition control, working memory and cognitive flexibility, such as the improvement of the accuracy and reaction time of cognitive tasks, and activation of bilateral prefrontal cortex activity. Types, intensity, duration, frequency and cycle of physical activity, participant selection, and assessment tools were related to the effect of intervention. ConclusionPhysical activity can improve the inhibition control, working memory and cognitive flexibility of children and adolescents. The main factors related to the intervention effect are the physical activity elements, the participant's factors and the experimental design factors.

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Questionnaire of Executive Functioning among elementary school students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Questionnaire of Executive Functioning (QEF) among elementary school students aged 7-12 years.@*Methods@#A total of 841 elementary school students from four primary schools in the Pearl River Delta (Guangzhou), eastern Guangdong area (Jieyang), northern Guangdong area (Shaoguan), and western Guangdong area (Maoming) were selected for item analysis by using a stratified whole group sampling method in September 2022. A total of 377 elementary school students from the four elementary schools were selected for testing the structural validity and reliability, and 87 subjects from an elementary school in Guangzhou were selected at 15-day intervals for assessing test retest reliability test.@*Results@#The questionnaire had good discrimination, and the correlation between the items and the total score ranged from 0.22 to 0.46 ( P <0.01). Exploratory factor analysis showed a cumulative variance contribution rate of 56.68%, with item loadings ranging from 0.41 to 0.74. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good model fit ( χ 2/ df =3.048, CFI=0.988, TLI= 0.980 , RMSEA=0.058, SRMR =0.009). The overall Cronbach s α , split half reliability and test retest reliability of the questionnaire were 0.72 , 0.76, 0.79, respectively.@*Conclusion@#The Chinese version of the Questionnaire of Executive Functioning has good reliability and validity, and it is suitable for application to the self assessment of executive function among elementary school students.

Programa Atitude, Movimento e Escolhas para uma vida saudável em adolescentes: relação entre comportamento sedentário e desempenho cognitivo / Attitude, Movement and Choices Program for a healthy life in adolescents: relationship between sedentary behavior and cognitive performance

A adolescência é um período marcado por alterações neuroendócrinas que influenciam o desenvolvimento do cérebro e o comportamento. Adolescentes apresentam chances aumentadas de adotar comportamentos de risco em seu estilo de vida, dentre eles o comportamento sedentário. Nesse sentido, estudos de intervenção têm buscado desenvolver estratégias eficientes para estimular adolescentes a adotarem um estilo de vida saudável. No entanto, embora ações promissoras possam ser identificadas na literatura, o real mecanismo que atua na regulação do comportamento em adolescentes parece estar associado a uma neurotrofina chamada de Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Cérebro (BDNF), e estudar como os comportamentos de risco influenciam na sua secreção são de grande relevância para desenvolver intervenções mais efetivas. Sendo assim, o objetivo da presente tese é descrever a fundamentação teórica para o planejamento de uma intervenção multicomponente baseada na escola com ações combinadas para a promoção da atividade física, redução do comportamento sedentário e educação alimentar e nutricional, e as possíveis consequências para o desempenho cognitivo e saúde de adolescentes. A metodologia está descrita em formato de coletânea de artigos e foi dividida em quatro etapas. A primeira etapa descreve uma revisão sistemática que foi desenvolvida durante os estudos de fundamentação teórica para o planejamento da intervenção do Programa Atitude, Movimento e Escolhas para uma vida saudável (Programa AME), em que foi possível identificar a necessidade de implementar uma etapa específica de formação dos professores de educação física. Na segunda etapa foi detalhada a metodologia de uma revisão sistemática que tem como objetivo de investigar a associação entre comportamento sedentário e BDNF em adolescentes. O protocolo metodológico da revisão foi registrado no Registro Internacional Prospectivo de Revisões Sistemáticas (PROSPERO) sob o identificador CRD42023392246 e segue as diretrizes dos Principais Itens para relatar Revisões Sistemáticas e Meta-análises (PRISMA). A etapa três apresenta essa revisão sistemática concluída, com todos os resultados das buscas e análise das informações extraídas dos artigos incluídos. A quarta etapa trata-se de um estudo de justificativa e fundamentação teórica para os métodos abordados no eixo de comportamento sedentário da intervenção do Programa AME, a qual foi registrada na plataforma do Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos sob o número RBR-86xv46. Pode-se dizer que o Programa AME é uma proposta integrada, sustentável e de baixo custo, com grande potencial para produzir benefícios no estilo de vida, desempenho cognitivo e saúde de adolescentes. Por fim, os resultados desses estudos fortalecerão a prática baseada em evidências no âmbito de pesquisas voltadas para a promoção da saúde no contexto escolar (AU).

Adolescence is a period marked by several neuroendocrine changes that influence brain development and behavior. Adolescents are more likely to adopt risky behaviors in their lifestyle, including sedentary behavior. In this sense, intervention studies have sought to develop efficient strategies to encourage adolescents to adopt a healthy lifestyle. However, although promising actions can be identified in the literature, the real mechanism that acts in the regulation of behavior in adolescents seems to be associated with the neurotrophin Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and studying how risk behaviors influence its secretion are of great relevance to develop more effective interventions. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to describe the theoretical foundation to the planning of a school-based multicomponent intervention with combined actions to promote physical activity, reduction of sedentary behavior and food and nutrition education, and the possible consequences for cognitive performance and adolescent health. The methodology of this thesis is described in the format of a collection of articles and was divided into four stages. The first stage describes a systematic review that was developed during the theoretical foundation studies for planning the intervention of the Attitude, Movement and Choices for a Healthy Life Program (AME Program), and it was possible to identify the need to implement a specific training stage for physical education teachers. In the second stage, was detailed the methodology of a systematic review that will be developed with the objective of investigating the association between sedentary behavior and BDNF in adolescents. The methodological protocol for the review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under the identifier CRD42023392246 and follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The third stage presents this completed systematic review, with all search results and analysis of information extracted from the included articles. The fourth step is a study of rationale and theoretical foundation for the methods addressed in the sedentary behavior axis of the AME Program intervention, which was registered on the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials platform under the number RBR-86xv46. It can be said that the AME Program is an integrated, sustainable and low-cost proposal, with great potential to produce benefits in lifestyle, cognitive performance and health of adolescents. Finally, the results of these studies will strengthen evidence-based practice in research aimed at promoting health in the school context (AU).

Cognitive effects of individual anticholinergic drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Efeitos cognitivos de drogas anticolinérgicas individuais: uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise

ABSTRACT. Anticholinergics (ACs) are among the most prescribed drugs. Investigating the impaired cognitive domains due to individual ACs usage is associated with controversial findings. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of individual ACs on different aspects of cognitive function based on clinical trial studies. Methods: This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA statement. A systematic search was performed in Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed by the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists and the meta-analysis was performed using the CMA software. Results: Out of 3,026 results of searching, 138 studies were included. A total of 38 studies that assess the cognitive impacts of scopolamine were included in the meta-analysis. Included studies reported cognitive effects of scopolamine, mecamylamine, atropine, biperiden, oxybutynin, trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, and dicyclomine; however, glycopyrrolate, trospium, tolterodine, darifenacin, fesoterodine, tiotropium, and ipratropium were not associated with cognitive decline. Based on the meta-analyses, scopolamine was associated with reduced recognition (SDM -1.84; 95%CI -2.48 to -1.21; p<0.01), immediate recall (SDM -1.82; 95%CI -2.35 to -1.30; p<0.01), matching to sample (SDM -1.76; 95%CI -2.57 to -0.96; p<0.01), delayed recall (SDM -1.54; 95%CI -1.97 to -1.10; p<0.01), complex memory tasks (SDM -1.31; 95%CI -1.78 to -0.84; p<0.01), free recall (SDM -1.18; 95%CI -1.63 to -0.73; p<0.01), cognitive function (SDM -0.95; 95%CI -1.46 to -0.44; p<0.01), attention (SDM -0.85; 95%CI -1.38 to -0.33; p<0.01), and digit span (SDM -0.65; 95%CI -1.21 to -0.10; p=0.02). There was a high RoB in our included study, especially in terms of dealing with possible cofounders. Conclusion: The limitations of this study suggest a need for more well-designed studies with a longer duration of follow-up on this topic to reach more reliable evidence.

RESUMO. Os anticolinérgicos (ACs) estão entre os medicamentos mais prescritos. Investigar os domínios cognitivos prejudicados devido ao uso individual de ACs está associado a achados controversos. Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos de ACs individuais em diferentes aspectos da função cognitiva, com base em estudos de ensaios clínicos. Métodos: Esta revisão sistemática foi realizada em acordo com a declaração PRISMA. Uma busca sistemática foi realizada nos bancos de dados Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus e Web of Science. O risco de viés (risk of bias - RoB) foi avaliado pelas listas de verificação do Joanna Briggs Institute e a meta-análise foi realizada através do software CMA. Resultados: Foram incluídos 138 estudos dos 3.026 resultados da pesquisa. Trinta e oito estudos que avaliam os impactos cognitivos da escopolamina foram incluídos na meta-análise. Os estudos incluídos relataram efeitos cognitivos de escopolamina, mecamilamina, atropina, biperideno, oxibutinina, triexifenidil, benzhexol, diciclomina; no entanto, glicopirrolato, tróspio, tolterodina, darifenacina, fesoterodina, tiotrópio e ipratrópio não foram associados ao declínio cognitivo. Com base nas meta-análises, a escopolamina foi associada a reconhecimento reduzido (DPM -1,84; IC95% -2,48 a -1,21; p<0,01), recordação imediata (DPM -1,82; IC95% -2,35 a -1,30; p<0,01), correspondência com a amostra (DPM -1,76; IC95% -2,57 a -0,96; p<0,01), recordação atrasada (DPM -1,54; IC95% -1,97 a -1,10; p <0,01), tarefas de memória complexas (DPM -1,31; IC95% -1,78 a -0,84; p<0,01), recordação livre (DPM -1,18; IC95% -1,63 a -0,73; p<0,01), função cognitiva (DPM -0,95; IC95% -1,46 a -0,44; p<0,01), atenção (DPM -0,85; IC95% -1,38 a -0,33; p<0,01) e amplitude de memória de dígitos (DPM -0,65; IC95% -1,21 a -0,10; p=0,02). Houve um alto RoB em nosso estudo, especialmente quanto aos possíveis confundidores. Conclusão: As limitações deste estudo sugerem a necessidade de estudos mais bem delineados e com maior duração de acompanhamento sobre o tema para alcançar evidências mais confiáveis.

Pilot validation of a verbal practical judgement assessment (VPJ) among community-dwelling older adults in Israel: the first step toward a national standard / Validação piloto de uma avaliação de julgamento prático verbal (VPJ) entre idosos residentes na comunidade em Israel: o primeiro passo em direção a um padrão nacional

ABSTRACT. Increased longevity and subsequent increase in older populations emphasize the importance of assisting older people to continue living in safe and residential situations for as long as possible. Judgement, an important aspect of cognition, and a predictor of function may become impaired and compromise safe living. Yet, judgement is difficult to assess, and few valid instruments are utilized in clinical settings that accurately evaluate judgement in older people. Objectives: This pilot study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and initiate the validation of the Hebrew version of the verbal practical judgement (VPJ) assessment among community-dwelling older people. Methods: A total of 50 older adults, aged over 65 years, living in the community in Israel, half of whom were independent (n=27, 54%), and the rest dependent participants in a day centre with some level of cognitive/functional decline, completed the VPJ evaluation and comparison assessments. Results: Positive and significant (p<0.05) relationships between VPJ and standard assessments were found, demonstrating convergent validity. By comparing VPJ scores between independent and dependent older adults, results also supported discriminant validity. Finally, a multiple hierarchical regression demonstrated a positive relationship between instrumental activities of daily living and judgement. Conclusions: This pilot study found the VPJ feasible, likely valid, and culturally adaptable to assess judgement in Israeli older adults. Assessing judgement will provide older adults and their families with essential information regarding function, cognition, and safety and will enable them to live/return home in accordance with their autonomy, safety, and well-being.

RESUMO. O aumento da longevidade e o subsequente aumento das populações mais velhas enfatizam a importância de ajudar os idosos a continuar vivendo em situações residenciais seguras pelo maior tempo possível. O julgamento, um aspecto importante da cognição e um preditor da função, pode ser prejudicado e comprometer uma vida segura. No entanto, o julgamento é difícil de avaliar e poucos instrumentos válidos são utilizados em ambientes clínicos que avaliam com precisão o julgamento em pessoas idosas. Objetivos: Este estudo piloto teve como objetivo traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e iniciar a validação da versão hebraica da avaliação Verbal Practical Judgment (VPJ) entre idosos residentes na comunidade. Métodos: Cinquenta idosos, com mais de 65 anos, residentes na comunidade em Israel, metade dos quais eram independentes (n=27, 54%) e o restante participantes dependentes de um centro diurno com algum nível de declínio cognitivo/funcional, completaram o VPJ avaliações de avaliação e comparação. Resultados: Foram encontradas relações positivas e significativas (p<0,05) entre VPJ e avaliações padrão, demonstrando validade convergente. Ao comparar os escores VPJ entre idosos independentes e dependentes, os resultados também apoiaram a validade discriminante. Finalmente, uma regressão hierárquica múltipla demonstrou uma relação positiva entre AIVD e julgamento. Conclusão: Este estudo piloto considerou o VPJ viável, provavelmente válido e culturalmente adaptável para avaliar o julgamento em idosos israelenses. A avaliação do julgamento fornecerá aos idosos e suas famílias informações essenciais sobre função, cognição e segurança e os capacitará a viver/voltar para casa de acordo com sua autonomia, segurança e bem-estar.

Executive function performance in middle-aged adults / Desempenho da função executiva em adultos de meia-idade

ABSTRACT. Executive functions have been widely studied in the extreme of ages, but studies in middle-aged adults remain largely neglected. Education and gender are known to influence cognitive performance; however, their effect on executive function in middle-aged adults remains unclear. Objective: The study aimed to observe the effect of hierarchy of educational qualifications (graduate, postgraduate, and PhD) and gender on various executive function tests across middle-aged adults with or without comorbidity. Methods: A total of 66 middle-aged individuals volunteered for the study (mean age=48.45±5.45 years; 20 graduates, 28 postgraduates, and 18 PhD; 36 males and 30 females; 38 healthy adults and 28 adults with comorbidities). Each subject performed a test assessing short-term memory, spatial working memory, and multitasking abilities on the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery with rest periods in no specific order of tests. Key parameters of cognitive tests were analyzed for differences in educational qualifications (ANOVA), gender (t-test), and the effect of comorbidity as a covariate (ANCOVA). Results: PhDs performed significantly better (p<0.05) in multitasking than graduates and had superior visuospatial working memory (fewer errors). Differences in simultaneous matching abilities, lower incongruence cost and multitasking cost were statistically significant in healthy females than in males. Conclusion: On considering adults with comorbidity, those with higher educational attainment retained the ability to multitask compared to their healthy counterparts, which was not seen in the group with lower educational attainment. Thus, higher educational attainment attenuated the influence of comorbidities and deterioration of executive functions in general in middle-aged adults.

RESUMO. As funções executivas têm sido amplamente estudadas no extremo das idades, mas os estudos na meia-idade permanecem amplamente negligenciados. Educação e gênero são conhecidos por influenciar o desempenho cognitivo, no entanto, seu efeito na função executiva em adultos de meia-idade ainda não está claro. Objetivo: O estudo teve como objetivo observar o efeito da hierarquia de qualificações educacionais (graduação, pós-graduação e doutorado) e gênero em vários testes de função executiva em adultos de meia-idade com ou sem comorbidade. Métodos: Sessenta e seis indivíduos de meia idade se voluntariaram para participar do estudo (idade média=48,45±5,45 anos, 20 graduados, 28 pós-graduados e 18 doutores; 36 homens e 30 mulheres; 38 saudáveis e 28 adultos com comorbidades). Cada sujeito realizou um teste avaliando memória de curto prazo, memória de trabalho espacial e habilidades multitarefa na Bateria Automatizada de Testes Neuropsicológicos de Cambridge (Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery — CANTAB) com períodos de descanso em nenhuma ordem específica de testes. Os principais parâmetros dos testes cognitivos foram analisados quanto às diferenças nas qualificações educacionais (ANOVA), sexo (teste t) e efeito da comorbidade como uma covariável (ANCOVA). Resultados: Os doutores tiveram desempenho significativamente melhor (p<0,05) em multitarefa do que os graduados e tiveram memória de trabalho visual-espacial superior (menos erros). As diferenças nas habilidades de correspondência simultânea, menor custo de incongruência e custo de multitarefa foram estatisticamente significativas em mulheres saudáveis do que em homens. Conclusão: Ao considerar os adultos com comorbidade, aqueles com maior escolaridade mantiveram a capacidade de multitarefa como seus pares saudáveis, o que não foi observado no grupo com menor escolaridade. Assim, maior escolaridade atenuou a influência de comorbidades e deterioração das funções executivas em geral, em adultos de meia-idade.

Normative data for highly educated older adults in phonemic and semantic fluency tests / Dados normativos para idosos com alta escolaridade em testes de fluência semântica e fonêmica

ABSTRACT. Verbal fluency tests are common instruments used in neuropsychological evaluation and screening for cognitive decline. Different studies have suggested normative data for these tests, but new studies that focus on different educational backgrounds are important due to the heterogeneity of the Brazilian population and the influence of educational level on verbal fluency tests. Objective: The present study aimed to provide normative data on verbal fluency tests for highly educated older adults in Brazil, as well as the influence of sex, age, and education on test performance. Methods: A total of 147 healthy volunteers (106 females and 41 males) with a mean age of 66.87 years (SD=4.52) and a minimum of 12 years of education were selected from the community and asked to perform three tests of phonemic verbal fluency (letters F, A, and S) and two tests of semantic verbal fluency (animals and fruits). Volunteers were categorized by educational level into two categories: "High School" (12 years of formal education) and "Higher Education" (over 12 years of formal education). Results: Normative data are presented in mean values and percentiles for all tests. The performance in animals, fruits, A, and S were associated with educational background. The performance in S was associated with sex. Conclusions: This study provides normative data appropriate for highly educated, healthy older adults in commonly used tests that evaluate executive functioning. The results endorse previous study findings on the influence of educational level on verbal fluency tests.

RESUMO. Testes de fluência verbal são instrumentos comuns em avaliação neuropsicológica e rastreio de declínio cognitivo. Diferentes pesquisas sugeriram dados normativos para esses testes, mas novos estudos com foco em diferentes níveis de escolaridade são importantes diante da heterogeneidade da população brasileira e da influência da escolaridade em testes de fluência verbal. Objetivo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo fornecer dados normativos em testes de fluência verbal para idosos brasileiros com alta escolaridade, bem como sobre a influência de gênero, idade e nível educacional nos resultados dos testes. Métodos: O total de 147 voluntários saudáveis (106 mulheres e 41 homens) com idade média de 66,87 anos (standard deviation — SD=4,52) e mínimo de 12 anos de escolaridade foi selecionado da comunidade, e solicitou-se que respondesse a três testes de fluência verbal fonêmica (F, A e S) e dois testes de fluência verbal semântica (animais e frutas). Os voluntários foram categorizados por nível educacional em duas categorias: "Ensino Médio" (12 anos de educação formal) e "Ensino Superior" (mais de 12 anos de educação formal). Resultados: Dados normativos são apresentados em médias e percentis para todos os testes. A performance em animais, frutas, A e S foi associada ao nível de escolaridade. A performance em S foi relacionada ao gênero. Conclusões: Este estudo fornece dados normativos apropriados para idosos com alta escolaridade em testes comumente utilizados na avaliação de funcionamento executivo. Os resultados obtidos corroboram achados de pesquisas anteriores que apontam para a influência da escolaridade em testes de fluência verbal.

Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD), executive function and attachment / Transtorno de estresse pós-traumático complexo (TEPT_C), função executiva e apego / Le trouble de stress post-traumatique complexe (SCPD), la fonction exécutive et l'attachement / El trastorno de estrés postraumático complejo (TEPT_C), la función ejecutiva y el apego

Studies conducted with children and adolescents suggest that long-term exposure to adverse events and the lack of emotional and psychosocial support can lead to complex traumatizing conditions (C_PSPT), providing difficulties that affect emotional regulation, cognition, interpersonal relationships and the constitution of identity. The aim of this essay is to reflect on about the cognitive, more specifically executive function abilities, emotional, and attachment dimensions in children, who have been exposed to the experience of violence.

Estudos realizados com crianças e adolescentes sugerem que a exposição prolongada a eventos adversos e à falta de apoio emocional e psicossocial podem levar a quadros traumatizantes complexos (TEPT_C), proporcionando dificuldades que afetam a regulação emocional, a cognição, as relações interpessoais e a constituição da identidade. O objetivo deste ensaio é refletir sobre as dimensões cognitivas, mais especificamente das funções executivas, os aspectos emocionais e de apego em crianças, que foram expostos à cenários e experiências de violência.

Des études menées auprès d'enfants et d'adolescents révèlent que l'exposition à long terme à des événements indésirables et le manque de soutien émotionnel et psychosocial peuvent conduire à des conditions de traumatisme complexe (TSPT_C) fournissant des difficultés qui affectent la régulation émotionnelle, la cognition, plus spécifiquement la fonction exécutive, les relations interpersonnelles, les relations et la constitution de l'identité. Ainsi, le but de cet essai est de réfléchir sur les aspects du développement cognitif, émotionnel, et de l'attachement chez les enfants qui sont exposés à l'expérience de la violence.

Los estudios realizados con niños y adolescentes revelan que la exposición prolongada a eventos adversos y la falta de apoyo emocional y psicosocial puede conducir a condiciones de traumatización compleja (TEPT_C) proporcionando dificultades que afectan la regulación emocional, cognitiva, relaciones interpersonales y constitución de la identidad. El objetivo de este ensayo es reflexionar sobre aspectos del desarrollo cognitivo, más específicamente la función ejecutiva, emocional, y del apego en niños que están expuestos a la experiencia de violencia.

Impacts of soccer on executive function in boys with adhd / Impactos do futebol na função executiva de meninos com tdah / Impactos del fútbol en la función ejecutiva de los niños con tdah

ABSTRACT Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological disorder of genetic causes that appears in childhood. The main manifestations are inattention, hyperactivity, and emotional impulsivity. It is often accompanied by cognitive impairments and learning disabilities that seriously affect children's life, academic and social functions. Objective: Explore the impacts of soccer practice on executive function in boys with ADHD. Methods: Boys were selected from first and second graders in a public elementary school. They were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group, and 8 boys in the control group were recruited according to the age difference of less than half a year. All children participated in various school sports activities, and the experimental group was added to soccer practice for 6 weeks. Results: There was no significant difference in cognitive subfunction between the soccer activity group, the conventional physical education teaching activity group, and the control group; however, the interaction between time and group factors proved to be significant P (4142) = 6.296, F< 0.01, it can be understood that the effect of the time factor on cognitive flexibility varies with different groups. Conclusion: The six-week soccer practice intervention can improve the executive function of 6-8-year-old boys with ADHD, especially inhibition control and cognitive flexibility, but does not represent a significant effect on memory. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigating treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade (TDAH) é um transtorno neurobiológico de causas genéticas que aparece na infância. As principais manifestações são desatenção, hiperatividade e impulso emocional. Muitas vezes é acompanhado por deficiências cognitivas e dificuldades de aprendizagem que afetam seriamente a vida, as funções acadêmicas e sociais das crianças. Objetivo: Explorar os impactos da prática do futebol sobre a função executiva em meninos com TDAH. Métodos: Os meninos foram selecionados entre os alunos da primeira e segunda séries de uma escola primária pública. Eles foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupo experimental e grupo de controle, e 8 meninos do grupo de controle foram recrutados de acordo com a diferença de idade inferior a meio ano. Todas as crianças participavam de várias atividades esportivas escolares, e ao grupo experimental foi somada a prática do futebol durante 6 semanas. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa na subfunção cognitiva entre o grupo de atividade futebolística, o grupo de atividade de ensino de educação física convencional e o grupo de controle; porém a interação entre os fatores de tempo e fatores de grupo revelou-se significativa P(4142) = 6,296, F< 0,01, pode-se entender que o efeito do fator tempo sobre a flexibilidade cognitiva varia com os diferentes grupos. Conclusão: a intervenção de seis semanas de prática de futebol pode melhorar a função executiva dos meninos de 6-8 anos de idade com TDAH, especialmente o controle da inibição e a flexibilidade cognitiva, mas não representa efeito significativo sobre a memória. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno neurobiológico de causa genética que aparece en la infancia. Las principales manifestaciones son la falta de atención, la hiperactividad y la impulsividad emocional. Suele ir acompañada de deficiencias cognitivas y problemas de aprendizaje que afectan gravemente a la vida de los niños y a sus funciones académicas y sociales. Objetivo: Explorar los impactos de la práctica del fútbol en la función ejecutiva en niños con TDAH. Métodos: Se seleccionaron niños entre los alumnos de primer y segundo grado de una escuela primaria pública. Se dividieron aleatoriamente en grupo experimental y grupo de control, y se reclutaron 8 chicos del grupo de control según la diferencia de edad de menos de medio año. Todos los niños participaron en diversas actividades deportivas escolares, y al grupo experimental se le añadió la práctica del fútbol durante 6 semanas. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas en la subfunción cognitiva entre el grupo de actividad de fútbol, el grupo de actividad de enseñanza de la educación física convencional y el grupo de control; sin embargo, la interacción entre los factores tiempo y grupo resultó ser significativa P (4142) = 6,296, F< 0,01, puede entenderse que el efecto del factor tiempo sobre la flexibilidad cognitiva varía con los diferentes grupos. Conclusión: La intervención de seis semanas de práctica de fútbol puede mejorar la función ejecutiva de los niños de 6 a 8 años con TDAH, especialmente el control de la inhibición y la flexibilidad cognitiva, pero no representa un efecto significativo en la memoria. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Environmental characteristics, nutritional and executive functions in children of 6 to 7 years / Características ambientais, funções nutricionais e executivas em crianças de 6 a 7 anos

This study aimed to analyze the socio-environmental characteristics, executive and nutritional functions in children aged 6 to 7 years, from public schools in Alagoas, Brazil. A quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive study was performed involving 64 children of the mentioned age group, from public schools located in Alagoas: Maceió, on the coast; Major Isidoro, in the hinterland and Palmeira dos Índios, in the country. Such analyzes were made through the application of neuropsychological tests and anthropometric assessment with children and food and socio-environmental surveys with their parents. As for the type of housing, 100% were made of masonry, with a bathroom present in 98.4%. All children reported with the habit of bathing in the river / lagoon, presented some pathology. There was no significant difference between cities in terms of the sociodemographic characteristics evaluated, with the same result occurring with the factors associated with the occurrence of diseases in children. The subtests of WISC-IV, were below the average in all municipalities, and the TAC and SCC were classified within the average. However, even though the ranking were divided between below average and average, it is possible to identify from the subtests of WISC-IV, that the general IQ showed a cognitive level below the average. There was also no significant difference in the anthropometric assessment (weight, height, BMI and IMCI) between the evaluated students. The average weight was 23.3 kg to 25 kg, the height between 1.23 m to 1.24 m, the BMI between 16.4 to 17; the IMCI from 2.8 to 3.0. Children were classified within the average. Regarding micronutrients (Ca, Fe, K, Mg and Na, and vitamins A, C, D, B1, B9 and B12) and calories, there was also no significant difference between the cities evaluated. The same occurred with macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates and lipids). This study showed [...].

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as características socioambientais, funções executivas e nutricionais de crianças de 6 a 7 anos, de escolas públicas de Alagoas, Brasil. Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo, transversal e descritivo envolvendo 64 crianças, na referida faixa etária, de escolas públicas localizadas em Alagoas: Maceió, no litoral; Major Isidoro, no sertão e Palmeira dos Índios, no país. Tais análises foram feitas por meio da aplicação de testes neuropsicológicos e avaliação antropométrica com crianças e inquéritos alimentares e socioambientais com seus pais. Quanto ao tipo de habitação, 100% eram de alvenaria, com banheiro presente em 98,4%. Todas as crianças relataram o hábito de tomar banho no rio / lagoa, apresentavam alguma patologia. Não houve diferença significativa entre os municípios quanto às características sociodemográficas avaliadas, ocorrendo o mesmo resultado com os fatores associados à ocorrência de doenças em crianças. Os subtestes do WISC-IV, ficaram abaixo da média em todos os municípios, e o TAC e SCC foram classificados dentro da média. Porém, mesmo que a classificação tenha sido dividida entre abaixo da média e média, é possível identificar a partir dos subtestes do WISC-IV, que o QI geral apresentou um nível cognitivo abaixo da média. Também não houve diferença significativa na avaliação antropométrica (peso, altura, IMC e AIDPI) entre os alunos avaliados. O peso médio foi de 23,3 kg a 25 kg, a altura entre 1,23 ma 1,24 m, o IMC entre 16,4 a 17; A AIDPI de 2.8 a 3.0. As crianças foram classificadas dentro da média. Em relação aos micronutrientes (Ca, Fe, K, Mg e Na e vitaminas A, C, D, B1, B9 e B12) e calorias, também não houve diferença significativa entre os municípios avaliados. O mesmo ocorreu com os macronutrientes (proteínas, carboidratos e lipídios). Este estudo mostrou que de maneira geral não houve diferença entre os alunos [...].

Environmental characteristics, nutritional and executive functions in children of 6 to 7 years

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the socio-environmental characteristics, executive and nutritional functions in children aged 6 to 7 years, from public schools in Alagoas, Brazil. A quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive study was performed involving 64 children of the mentioned age group, from public schools located in Alagoas: Maceió, on the coast; Major Isidoro, in the hinterland and Palmeira dos Índios, in the country. Such analyzes were made through the application of neuropsychological tests and anthropometric assessment with children and food and socio-environmental surveys with their parents. As for the type of housing, 100% were made of masonry, with a bathroom present in 98.4%. All children reported with the habit of bathing in the river / lagoon, presented some pathology. There was no significant difference between cities in terms of the sociodemographic characteristics evaluated, with the same result occurring with the factors associated with the occurrence of diseases in children. The subtests of WISC-IV, were below the average in all municipalities, and the TAC and SCC were classified within the average. However, even though the ranking were divided between below average and average, it is possible to identify from the subtests of WISC-IV, that the general IQ showed a cognitive level below the average. There was also no significant difference in the anthropometric assessment (weight, height, BMI and IMCI) between the evaluated students. The average weight was 23.3 kg to 25 kg, the height between 1.23 m to 1.24 m, the BMI between 16.4 to 17; the IMCI from 2.8 to 3.0. Children were classified within the average. Regarding micronutrients (Ca, Fe, K, Mg and Na, and vitamins A, C, D, B1, B9 and B12) and calories, there was also no significant difference between the cities evaluated. The same occurred with macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates and lipids). This study showed that in general there was no difference between the students of the three municipalities. Probably, even though they are all public schools and from different cities, children have similar social conditions.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as características socioambientais, funções executivas e nutricionais de crianças de 6 a 7 anos, de escolas públicas de Alagoas, Brasil. Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo, transversal e descritivo envolvendo 64 crianças, na referida faixa etária, de escolas públicas localizadas em Alagoas: Maceió, no litoral; Major Isidoro, no sertão e Palmeira dos Índios, no país. Tais análises foram feitas por meio da aplicação de testes neuropsicológicos e avaliação antropométrica com crianças e inquéritos alimentares e socioambientais com seus pais. Quanto ao tipo de habitação, 100% eram de alvenaria, com banheiro presente em 98,4%. Todas as crianças relataram o hábito de tomar banho no rio / lagoa, apresentavam alguma patologia. Não houve diferença significativa entre os municípios quanto às características sociodemográficas avaliadas, ocorrendo o mesmo resultado com os fatores associados à ocorrência de doenças em crianças. Os subtestes do WISC-IV, ficaram abaixo da média em todos os municípios, e o TAC e SCC foram classificados dentro da média. Porém, mesmo que a classificação tenha sido dividida entre abaixo da média e média, é possível identificar a partir dos subtestes do WISC-IV, que o QI geral apresentou um nível cognitivo abaixo da média. Também não houve diferença significativa na avaliação antropométrica (peso, altura, IMC e AIDPI) entre os alunos avaliados. O peso médio foi de 23,3 kg a 25 kg, a altura entre 1,23 ma 1,24 m, o IMC entre 16,4 a 17; A AIDPI de 2.8 a 3.0. As crianças foram classificadas dentro da média. Em relação aos micronutrientes (Ca, Fe, K, Mg e Na e vitaminas A, C, D, B1, B9 e B12) e calorias, também não houve diferença significativa entre os municípios avaliados. O mesmo ocorreu com os macronutrientes (proteínas, carboidratos e lipídios). Este estudo mostrou que de maneira geral não houve diferença entre os alunos dos três municípios. Provavelmente, mesmo sendo todas escolas públicas e de diferentes cidades, as crianças têm condições sociais semelhantes.

Effect of comprehensive intervention on executive dysfunction in children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder aged 7-14 years / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze the improvement of executive function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) aged 7-14 years with comprehensive intervention and drug therapy alone, to provide a basis for intervention research to improve ADHD.@*Methods@#A total of 80 children with ADHD treated in the Third People s Hospital of Ganzhou from January 2021 to June 2022 were randomly divided into intervention group and control group. The intervention group received drug and comprehensive intervention therapy, and sensory integration training once a week for 60 to 90 min each for 12 weeks, and conduct related training for caregivers and school teachers, the control group received only drug therapy. The changes of executive function were assessed by the stroop color word association test and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) after 12 weeks of intervention.@*Results@#After intervention, the results of the Stroop color word test in the intervention group (3.25±0.98, 4.92±1.40, 10.17±1.28) showed statistically significant differences ( t=12.94, 15.36, 26.34 , P <0.01) compared with those before intervention (6.47±1.92, 8.35±1.25, 16.55±1.57). There were also statistically significant differences ( t=6.76, 15.01, 16.15, P <0.01) in the control group ( 3.95 ±1.01, 5.45±1.15, 12.35±0.86) compared to those before intervention (6.17±1.87, 8.10±1.03, 16.02±1.38). Before intervention, the number of perseverative errors, non perseverative errors, and completed categories by WCST in the intervention group were (47.77±4.50, 35.50±2.37, 3.97±1.07), and in the control group were (46.45±7.34, 34.87±2.29, 3.70±1.11). After intervention, those of the intervention group and control group were (31.42±2.01, 24.75±2.05, 5.05±1.13) and (32.82±2.57, 25.55±1.04, 4.25±1.48), respectively. There were significant differences in the two groups before and after intervention ( t =21.93, 22.27 , -10.37; 10.84, 26.81, -6.90, P <0.01). After intervention, there were significant differences in the number of Stroop color word test errors, perseverative errors and non perseverative errors in WCST between the two groups ( t=-2.94, 2.29, -9.07, -2.35 , -2.06, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Through training for children and the therapy model of comprehensive intervention could significantly improve the executive function of children for a certain extent.

Effect of high-intensity interval training on executive function for healthy children and adolescents: a systematic review / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo systematically review the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on executive function for healthy children and adolescents, and delineate the factors related to the intervention outcome. MethodsLiterature about the effect of HIIT on executive functions for healthy children and adolescent was retrieved from Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Google Scholar, and CNKI, up to July 31st, 2023. The methodological quality was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale, and relevant data were systematically reviewed. ResultsFifteen researches were included, from nine countries, comprising 13 randomized controlled trials with the scores of PEDro scale from five to eight, involving 17 021 participants aged six to 18 years. They were published mainly from 2016 to 2023. The primary factors related to the intervention outcome were the age of participants, HIIT intervention programs, and work-to-rest ratio. HIIT significantly improved working memory and inhibitory control in healthy children, while it was limited for adolescents. ConclusionHIIT can significantly improve inhibitory control and working memory in healthy children. Key factors related to the intervention outcomes include the age of participants and the specifics of the HIIT program, etc.

The relationship between fine motor skills and executive function in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the relationship between fine motor skills and executive function in school aged boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) aged 6-10 years, so as to provide a reference for promoting executive function.@*Methods@#From November 2022 to May 2021,65 boys with ADHD were recruited from a tertiary hospital in Beijing and a public elementary school in Beijing, and 65 boys with typical development according to age and sex were recruited as controls. Children s fine motor skills were assessed using the movement assessment battery for children, second version (MABC-2), and children s inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility were assessed using the Stroop color word test (SCWT), Rey osterrich complex figure test (ROCFT) and trail making test (TMT), respectively. Independent samples t-tests were used to analyze the differences between the two groups, and Pearson correlation analysis and stratified regression analysis were used to explore the relationship between fine motor skills and executive functioning in boys with ADHD.@*Results@#In the fine motor skills test, boys with ADHD scored significantly lower (8.68±3.62) than control boys (11.22±2.27)( t =4.80, P <0.05); in the executive function test, the results of SCWT, ROCFT, and TMT tests were significantly worse in boys with ADHD than in normal boys ( t =-4.53-4.42, P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the fine motor skill scores of boys with ADHD were negatively correlated with the number of word sense errors ( r =-0.35) and color errors ( r =-0.42), and positively correlated with memory scores for delayed structure ( r =0.30) and detail ( r =0.25), which were negatively correlated with TMT-A ( r =-0.34),TMT-B reaction time ( r =-0.26), number of errors ( r =-0.43) ( P <0.05). Stratified regression analysis showed that fine motor skill scores of boys with ADHD were predictive of test results for inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive flexibility, with explanatory rates of 15%, 7%, and 19%, respectively.@*Conclusion@#Fine motor skills in boys with ADHD are correlated with executive functions, and fine motor skills could predict inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive flexibility to some extent. The development of fine motor skills in boy with ADHD could promote their executive functions.

Executive function characteristics of preschool children with high functioning autism and children with global developmental delay / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To investigate the characteristics of executive function of preschool children with high functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFA) and with global developmental delay (GDD), and the differences among HFA, GDD and typically developmental (TD) children.Methods:From January 2020 to January 2021, 20 male HFA, 20 male GDD and 20 male TD children aged 4-6 years who visited the Psychological Behavior Clinic of the Child Health Department of Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital and the Developmental Behavior Clinic of the Children Health Department of the Ninth People's Hospital in Chongqing were selected for comparative study.The executive function of HFA, GDD and TD children was assessed with the behavior rating scale of executive function-preschool version(BRIEF-P) and the executive function task program (EF-TOUCH). SPSS 26.0 software was used for statistical analysis, including variance test, independent sample t-test, χ2 test, Kruskal Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test. Results:In the EF-TOUCH program task, the accuracy of the three groups of children's performance in the pig task (Pig), the silly sounds game (SSG), the working memory task (pick the picture, PTP) and the task of cognitive flexibility (something's the same, STS) were statistically different(Pig: HFA group: 0.87(0.76, 0.99), GDD group: 0.97(0.85, 0.99), TD group: 1.00(0.98, 1.00), χ2=15.646, P<0.001; SSG: HFA group: 0.76(0.53, 0.91), GDD group: 0.76(0.65, 0.99), TD group: 0.94(0.76, 1.00), χ2=6.448, P=0.040; PTP: HFA group: 0.66±0.18, GDD group: 0.66±0.19, TD group: 0.78±0.11; F=3.221, P=0.048; STS: HFA group: 0.67(0.63, 0.70), GDD group: 0.72(0.46, 0.78), TD group: 0.87(0.83, 0.90), χ2=26.898, P<0.001). The accuracies of Pig, SSG, PTP and STS in HFA group were significantly lower than those in TD group(all P<0.05), and the accuracies of Pig and STS in GDD group were significantly lower than those in TD group(both P<0.05). In inhibition control, there were statistically differences in response time of Pig and SSG among the three groups (Pig: HFA group: (1 694.36±222.83)ms, GDD group: (1 513.46±244.91)ms, TD group: (1 444.84±197.95)ms, F=5.810, P=0.005; SSG: HFA group: (2 202.42±195.58)ms, GDD group: (2 116.52±323.27)ms, TD group: (1 937.17±252.74)ms, Z=4.610, P=0.014). There were no significant differences in the reaction time of Arrows task ( P>0.05). There were significant differences in BRIEF-P inhibition control, organizational planning, inhibition self-regulation, cognitive flexibility and total scores among the three groups ( P<0.05), while there were no significant differences in the scores of other factors and dimensions ( P>0.05). Conclusion:The executive function of pre-school children with high functioning autism spectrum disorder and children with global developmental delay is impaired.The executive function of children with high functioning autism spectrum disorder and children with global developmental delay is significantly different from that of typically developmental children of the same age.Moreover, the executive function of children with HFA is more severely damaged from all components than that of children with GDD.